L&T (Larsen & Toubro) Interview Preparation
55+ system design, OOP, engineering domain and coding questions with solutions.
| Question | Answer | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Q1. Design a parking lot system. | Multiple levels, vehicle types, spot allocation, payment processing. Use state machine for spot status. | System Design |
| Q2. What is encapsulation? | Bundling data and methods. Hide internal details using access modifiers. Use getters/setters for controlled access. | Technical |
| Q3. Array rotation by k elements. | Use reverse technique or slicing. O(n) time, O(1) space. | Coding |
| Q4. Inheritance vs Composition. | Inheritance: "is-a" relationship. Composition: "has-a" relationship. Composition more flexible. | Technical |
| Q5. Design elevator system. | Multiple elevators, scheduling algorithm, floor requests, capacity management, emergency scenarios. | System Design |
| Q6. Explain IoT in manufacturing. | Sensors in machines monitor performance, predict maintenance, optimize production, reduce downtime. | Technical |
| Q7. Trap rainwater problem. | Water = min(max_left, max_right) - height. Use two pointers or DP. | Coding |
| Q8. Longest increasing subsequence. | DP: dp[i] = length of LIS ending at i. Binary search approach O(n log n). | Coding |
| Q9. Design ATM machine. | Card reader, PIN verification, account access, cash dispensing, transaction logging, security measures. | System Design |
| Q10. Maximum rectangular area in histogram. | Use stack to track bars. Calculate area for each bar as potential height. | Coding |
| Q11. Polymorphism types. | Compile-time: method overloading. Runtime: method overriding. Achieves flexibility. | Technical |
| Q12. Merge k sorted lists. | Use min heap (priority queue). O(n log k) time. | Coding |
| Q13. Real-time systems in L&T projects. | Systems requiring deterministic response times. Used in automation, robotics, control systems. | Technical |
| Q14. Word ladder shortest path. | BFS: start word, generate next words by changing one letter, find shortest path. | Coding |
| Q15. Design library management system. | User management, catalog, borrowing/returning, fine calculation, reservation system. | System Design |
| Q16. Serialize/deserialize binary tree. | Preorder traversal with null markers. Reconstruct via reverse process. | Coding |
| Q17. Palindrome partitions. | Backtracking: partition string, check palindromes, collect valid partitions. | Coding |
| Q18. Abstract class design principles. | Define interface, hide implementation. Use template method pattern for common behavior. | Technical |
| Q19. Minimum path sum in grid. | DP: dp[i][j] = min cost path to (i,j) from (0,0). | Coding |
| Q20. Microservices vs monolithic architecture. | Microservices: independent, scalable, complex deployment. Monolithic: simpler, tight coupling. | Technical |
| Q21. Count inversions in array. | Merge sort approach. O(n log n) time. Count pairs where i < j but arr[i] > arr[j]. | Coding |
| Q22. SOLID principles. | Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion. | Technical |
| Q23. Sliding window maximum. | Deque to maintain indices of useful elements in decreasing order. | Coding |
| Q24. Design vending machine. | Product selection, payment processing, inventory management, change return, error handling. | System Design |
| Q25. Regular expression matching. | DP with pattern matching rules: . matches any, * matches 0+ of previous. | Coding |
| Q26. Wildcard pattern matching. | * matches any sequence, ? matches any single char. DP approach. | Coding |
| Q27. Factory pattern. | Creational pattern. Factory method creates objects without specifying exact classes. | Technical |
| Q28. Distinct subsequences. | DP: count distinct subsequences of string matching pattern. | Coding |
| Q29. Matrix chain multiplication. | DP: find minimum multiplications needed. dp[i][j] = min cost to multiply matrices i to j. | Coding |
| Q30. Design stock trading system. | Order matching, price tracking, portfolio management, risk management, settlement. | System Design |
| Q31. Tell me about yourself. | Education, projects, skills relevant to L&T (engineering domain), why interested in L&T. | HR |
| Q32. Why L&T? | Reputation, engineering excellence, global presence, infrastructure projects, innovation. | HR |
| Q33. Strengths. | Problem-solving, system thinking, quick learner, analytical, collaborative. | HR |
| Q34. Handling pressure. | Prioritize, break problems into smaller tasks, communicate, stay solution-focused. | HR |
| Q35. Team experience. | STAR method: project collaboration, roles, communication, results. | HR |
| Q36. Burst balloons. | DP with interval DP approach. dp[left][right] = max coins bursting balloons between. | Coding |
| Q37. Remove duplicate letters. | Greedy with stack: maintain lexicographically smallest subsequence. | Coding |
| Q38. Smallest subarray sum. | Sliding window: find minimum length subarray with sum >= target. | Coding |
| Q39. Maximum rectangle in matrix. | Convert to histogram problem for each row, apply max rectangle algorithm. | Coding |
| Q40. Expression add operators. | Backtracking: place +, -, * operators, evaluate expressions, find all that equal target. | Coding |
| Q41. Salary expectations. | Research L&T salary range. Give realistic range with flexibility. | HR |
| Q42. Career goals. | Senior engineer, project lead, technical expertise in systems/infrastructure. | HR |
| Q43. Median finder - data stream. | Use two heaps: max heap for smaller half, min heap for larger half. | Coding |
| Q44. Largest rectangle in skyline. | Stack-based approach. Calculate area for each building. | Coding |
| Q45. Alien dictionary order. | Topological sort: build graph from words, perform DFS to get order. | Coding |
| Q46. CAD/CAM in manufacturing. | Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing. Improves precision, efficiency, product quality. | Technical |
| Q47. Graph coloring problem. | Check if graph can be colored with k colors such that no adjacent nodes have same color. | Coding |
| Q48. Cutting stick problem. | DP: minimize cost of cutting stick at given positions. | Coding |
| Q49. How do you learn new technologies? | Courses, documentation, projects, GitHub, technical blogs, conferences. | HR |
| Q50. Any questions for us? | Ask about projects, team, tech stack, growth, mentoring, engineering challenges. | HR |
| Q51. Super ugly number. | DP with priority queue: generate numbers as products of primes in sorted order. | Coding |
| Q52. Rectangle area. | Coordinate compression + area calculation for overlapping rectangles. | Coding |
| Q53. Maximal rectangle with 1s. | Convert to histogram problem for each row. | Coding |
| Q54. Reverse pairs. | Merge sort based counting. Count pairs where i < j but arr[i] > 2*arr[j]. | Coding |
| Q55. Describe challenging problem solved. | Technical problem: approach, solution, learning, impact. | HR |